• Personnel managers
• Personnel officer, personnel clerk
• Managers
• Company management
• Supervisors at all management levels
• Interested employees who would like to find out more about writing a reference and its interpretation

The target groups and admission requirements are determined independently by the schools. There may therefore be slight differences from school to school.
We therefore recommend contacting the school of your choice directly via our contact form or using the "Ask a question" button to get in touch with the right contact person - quickly, easily and without obligation.

It can always happen that a reference does not meet the employee's expectations. For example, information on personal details or the job title may be incorrect, individual tasks, activities or qualifications may have been forgotten or the wording may be incorrect or unfavorable. The reference can then be contested.

In such a case, it is best to first approach the line manager directly and express the respective requests for improvement or personal concerns and objections. As long as the changes are not too drastic, they will usually be accepted and the reference will be corrected and adjusted.
The following procedure can usually be observed: After careful reading, the employee changes the reference, or individual sentences and passages, so that it meets their expectations. If there are any uncertainties, an appropriate specialist can also be consulted. The reference is then submitted to the employer again. The employer can now decide whether and to what extent they wish to comply with the employee's requests for changes. A compromise can also be reached between the concerns of both sides.

If the line manager/supervisor does not want to make any changes and the employee does not agree, the employee can submit a written objection. If this also has no effect, the employee has the right to challenge the reference in a further step and take legal action in court. However, this is always associated with considerable effort and costs, so such a procedure should be avoided if possible.

When writing an employment reference, there are many things to consider, including the type of reference, such as an interim reference, internship reference, training reference, final reference, etc. A basic distinction is made between an employment reference, i.e. a qualified employment reference or full reference, and a confirmation of employment, a so-called simple employment reference.

In simple terms, a confirmation of employment is a type of activity and employment certificate. It must only list the type of employment relationship, the employee's function, duties and personal details, as well as the duration of employment.

It is not uncommon to assume that a simple reference is something worse, even negative, compared to a qualified reference. In principle, there is no need to worry about this.

For example, it is simply customary to issue a confirmation of employment instead of a full reference for a shorter or temporary period of employment and work assignment. For example, an employment reference should also refer to the employee's performance, qualifications, behavior and social skills. It is difficult and unrealistic to reflect this truthfully, correctly, completely and favorably, even though you have only been able to get to know the employee for a short or irregular period of time.

However, if a confirmation of employment is issued even after a longer period of employment, this may well indicate major disagreements between the employee and the employer, which is probably intended to avoid a negative reference.

• Theoretical and legal basics of writing a reference for employers and employees
• Introduction to the different types of certificates
• Optimal design and correct, systematic structure
• Set up positive and negative content correctly
• Description of performance and behavior
• Appropriate and individual formulations and statements without illegal employment reference codes
• Correct understanding and interpretation of employment references
• Practical exercises

An employment reference is an extremely important document that is scrutinized by potential future employers, recruiters, personnel managers and HR staff when looking for a job. It contains essential and important information about the specialist knowledge and skills of a person or employee, their tasks and activities, as well as their behavior, social skills and personality.

An employee can request a reference from their employer at any time during the employment relationship, and not just in the event of dismissal or a change of supervisor.

In principle, a reference must be true, linguistically correct, complete and well-written. The employer is free to decide which aspects to emphasize or not. After all, the next employer must have the opportunity to gain a comprehensive picture of the person and their suitability. This is why the structure and content of a reference is clearly defined and prescribed by law. For example, it must be written, in text form and issued on company stationery.

At least the following elements must be present:

• Title "Employment reference"
• Name and address of the employer/training company
• First name, surname and date of birth of the employee
• Place and date
• Duration of the employment relationship
• Type of employment relationship
• Job title, job function, job position
• Information about the company
• List of tasks and activities
• Possible promotions
• Performance assessment, professional skills
• Behavioral assessment
• Reason for termination of employment (employee's consent required)
• Final formula
• Handwritten signature of the employer

If you are unsure or lack time, you are welcome to consult an expert who specializes in the professional creation of individual employment references.

The content of an employment reference must be true, complete, linguistically correct and benevolent. It must not be a hindrance to an employee's future job search. There are clear rules to be observed here, which define, among other things, which aspects of the content are mandatory. It is also stipulated which (negative) content is not permitted in a reference. Depending on the information provided, the respective relationship is decisive. For example, highly personal points, such as illnesses or disabilities, may not be included in the reference, but only insofar as these do not have a decisive influence on an employee's employment and would therefore be in the legitimate interest of the future employer. Longer absences or periods of absence are also generally not mentioned, provided they do not account for more than half of the total period of employment.

The following points may not be included in the reference:

• Any private behavior that takes place outside the company: Personal problems, marital disputes, party membership, assets, sex life, religious affiliation, secondary employment, participation in strikes, voluntary work, commitments, etc.
• One-off misconduct, warnings
• Single late arrival
• One-off dispute with the employer
• One-off temporary drop in performance
• One-off disagreements with work colleagues
• Suspicion of criminal offenses or criminal acts that are not related to work
• Pregnancy and parental leave

On the other hand, the following points may be mentioned when writing an employer's reference, provided that they are mentioned in the correct language:

• Contentiousness
• Failure to follow instructions in repeated cases
• Careless working methods in repeated cases
• Inability to work in a team
• Repeated harassment of colleagues at work
• Repeated drunkenness at the workplace
• Offenses in the workplace